The structure of the device implementing the inventive method is shown in FIG. Possible variants of the movement of the ferromagnetic body in a magnetic field of one of n permanent magnets are shown in FIG. 2 for various values \u200b\u200bof loads and friction on the axis of rotation of the eccentric with a ferromagnetic body. Figure 3 shows graphs acting from n permanent magnets of the driving ferromagnetic body of the Eccentric forces, taking into account their distribution at the angle of rotation of the eccentric within the circumference. Figure 5 shows the capacity graphs - from the rotational torque created by the vortex magnetic field, and on the moment of losses - in the speed of rotation speed of the eccentric. Figure 6 shows a diagram of a modified device that provides a significant decrease in friction losses in the axis of rotation due to the dynamic balance of the rotating rotor, instead of the eccentric.
Thus, being behind the AO line, the ferromagnetic body tests the following in the direction of rotation of the permanent magnet 6 and continues its movement to it, and then to a permanent magnet 7, etc. round. The system of permanent magnets is constructed so that the braking magnetic field of the previous permanent magnet is partially or completely suppressed by the accelerating magnetic field of the next permanent magnet. This is achieved by choosing the number of N of permanent magnets and a constant parameter Γ, as well as the design of permanent magnets, defined by constant D. 3 Magnetic driving forces F M DV (β) are distributed in the range of angles 2π so that there is no full compensation for braking forces by acceleration forces. Although the maxima of the latter is about three times more modules of braking minima . These reasoning proceeded from the fact that the ferromagnetic body was alone or with a negligible slow rotation.
At the same time, the ferromagnetic body would stop and continued to remain at rest if it would not be an accelerating magnetic field of the next permanent magnet 6 . The technical tools used to determine the main directions in the sea also include magnetic compasses. Magnetic compasses use the property of the magnetized arrow to be located along the magnetic lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field in the north-south direction. In a ship, a magnetic needle, in addition to the Earth's magnetic field, is affected by magnetic fields created by ship's iron and electrical installations.
Therefore, the magnetic needle of the compass mounted on the ship will be located in the so-called compass meridian. The path of the yacht, laid on the map, is called a travel angle. On the line of the yacht path is postponed by a boat distance.
The distance this may be theoretically determined by multiplying the speed at the time, but practically it is removed from the lag testimony, because Lag counts the distance traveled precisely, and the speed he already "calculates". These data are applied to the map near each position (in the presence of a observation - at the observated place). The course of the vessel is paired from the point of commencement. Regarding this point are the remaining calculations and construction. The frequency of application of the read and observated points is determined by the solution of the captain, depending on the conditions and complexity of yachting. Technical means serving to determine the main directions in the sea are also magnetic compasses.
In magnetic compasses, the properties of the magnetized arrow are used along the magnetic power lines of the Earth's magnetic field in the north-south direction. On the vessel on the magnetic arrow, except for the magnetic field of the Earth, there are magnetic fields created by ship iron and electrical installations. Therefore, the magnetic arrow of the compass installed on the vessel will be located in the so-called compassary meridian. On sailing ships with very weak winds, the speed of the vessel is determined by this ancient way.
From the thick board, the degrees sector were made in 65-70, about centimeters radius. To the top of this corner was fed thin durable cable, which was called Laglin. This plug was quite firmly held in the hole of the immersed lag, but it could be pulled out with a sharp jerk. In addition, an increase in the number of ferromagnetic bodies leads to an increase in the useful power in the device in proportion to the number of such ferromagnetic bodies. The number of used permanent magnets on this drawing is reduced to simplify the drawing. In fact, this number is chosen according to the formula n \u003d Hr + 1, where H is the number of ferromagnetic bodies in the rotor, p \u003d 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
Is an integer that it becomes clear from the following description. In addition, oscillations of the Earth's magnetosphere and the intrinsic magnetic field of ships, in the construction of which magnets are present, contribute to the readings magnetic compassinterference called deviation magnetic compass. Direction indicated magnetic compasscorresponds to the compass meridian, therefore the deviation of the magnetic compass is defined as the angle between the magnetic meridian and the compass.
Magnetic declination and deviation are taken into account to determine the true course. On sailing ships with very weak winds, this ancient method determines the speed of the ship today. But already in the XVI century the first lag appeared. From a thick board, a sector of degrees was made in 65-70, with a radius of about centimeters. As a rule, the lead load in the form of a strip was designed along the arc that bounds the sector, so that the sector thrown into the water would sink two-thirds and a small corner remained visible above the water. A thin, sturdy cable called the laglin was attached to the top of this corner.
This cork was fairly firmly held in the hole of the submerged lag, but it could be pulled out with a sharp jerk. Degree measurements are of great practical importance primarily for compiling accurate maps. Both on the map and on the globe you see a network of meridians - circles going through the poles, and parallels - circles parallel to the plane of the earth's equator. To have accurate maps, one needed to know the actual shape of the Earth. Equal These projections are called, in which directions and angles are depicted without distortion.
The angles measured on the maps of equally projections are equal to the appropriate corners on the earth's surface. Infinitely small circle in these projections always remains a circle. Equangular such projections are called in which directions and angles are depicted without distortion.
The angles measured on the conformal projection maps are equal to the corresponding angles on the earth's surface. An infinitely small circle in these projections always remains a circle. Work on mathematics wrote an extremely difficult language, so they did not get distribution.
The works of Vieta were collected after his death by Professor of Mathematics in Leiden. In the works of Vieta, the algebra becomes a common science on algebraic equations based on symbolic notation. Vieta first identified not only unknown, but also data values, i.e. the coefficients of the respective equations.
Due to this, it became for the first time to express the properties of equations and their roots with general formulas, and the algebraic expressions themselves turned into objects over which the actions can be performed. For an approximate solution of equations with numeric coefficients, Viet proposed a method similar to the method, later developed by I. Achievements of Vieta in trigonometry is a complete solution to the problem of determining all elements of flat or spherical triangles in three data, important decomposition of SIN BC and COS COS on COS X and SINX degrees. Viet decided the problem of Apollonia using a ruler and a circulation.
Most upper layer Bow is represented, the thickness of which, determined only in the Kotlovin districts, is 60 km. It is very likely that on extensive mainland areas of the reverse side of the moon, the pasta is approximately 1.5 times more powerful. The bark is made by the erupted crystalline rocks - basalts.
However, in their mineralogical composition, basalts of the mainland and marine areas have noticeable differences. They probably were formed when cooling the magmatic melt on the surface or near it. At the same time, since the lunar basalts are less oxidized than the earth, which means that they crystallized with a lower respect of oxygen to the metal.
They, in addition, there is a smaller content of some volatile elements and at the same time enrichment by many refractory elements compared to earthly rocks. Due to the impurities of Olivin and especially Ilmeni, the areas of the seas look darker, and the density of the components of their breeds is higher than on the mainland. Ideal magnetic compassindicates the north direction along the Earth's magnetic meridian passing through the magnetic poles.
Accuracy magnetic compassesdecreases as you approach the magnetic poles. The need to periodically destroy and determine the residual deviation made me think about the problem of creating a non-magnetic compass. By the beginning of the 20th century, the properties of the gyroscope were well studied, and on this basis a gyroscopic compass was constructed.
The principle of operation of the gyrocompass created by the German scientist Anschutz consists in the fact that the axis of a rapidly rotating top maintains its position in space unchanged and can be installed along the north-south line. Modern gyrocompasses are enclosed in a hermetically sealed sphere , which, in turn, is placed in an external housing. Its position is regulated using an electromagnetic blast coil.
The electric motor brings the speed of rotation of the gyroscopes to 20 thousand revolutions per minute. Navigators increased their work - now it became necessary to calculate the correction for the change in declination. At high latitudes, that is, in areas from 70 ° north and south latitudes to the poles, the magnetic compass could not be trusted at all.
The fact is that in these latitudes there are very large anomalies of magnetic declination, since the proximity of the magnetic poles, which do not coincide with the geographical ones, affects. The magnetic needle tends to occupy a vertical position here. In this case, science does not help, and the compass lies without a twinge of conscience, and sometimes it starts to change its testimony all the time. Not without reason, going to the North Pole on airplanes , the famous Amundsen did not dare to trust the magnetic compass and came up with a special device, which was called the solar course indicator.
In it, the exact clock turned a small mirror after the sun, and while the plane flew above the clouds without deviating from the course, the "bunny" did not change its position. What is the circumference of the Earth in kilometers - how was this value calculated? What is the circumference of the earth along the equatorial line or along the meridian? This is a circular line encircling the planet and passing through its center. The equator is perpendicular to the earth's axis of rotation.
Find The Exact Circumference Of A Circle With The Given Radius The scientist measured the angle and found that its value is 1/50 of the whole circle, equal to 360 degrees. It turned out that at the equator the degree has a shorter length. Thus, they found out that the polar circumference of the Earth is less than the circumference along the equator by 21.4 kilometers. To determine the value of \\ (n \\), Eratosthenes used the fact that the cities of Siena and Alexandria are located on the same meridian and the distance between them is known. Given the rudeness of the measuring instruments of that time and the unreliability of the initial data, the measurement result was very satisfactory (the actual average length of the Earth's meridian is 40,008 km).
To build azimuth projection, we use the plane tangent to the ball at the point Pole P (Fig. 5.12). The intersection of the planes of meridians with a tangent plane give an image of the Meridians Pa, ne, PV, ... In the form of direct, angles between which are equal to the differences of longitude. Parallels, which are concentric circles, can be determined in various ways, for example, were carried out by radius equal to the straightened arcs of meridians from the pole to the corresponding parallel Pa \u003d Pa.
Such a projection will be equipment by meridians And keeps the main scale along them. But one thing is to find a point on the map and completely different - find it in the open sea. Imperfect cards, magnetic compass and a primitive memory tool for determining vertical angles - that's all the sailor, going into a long sailing. With an arsenal of even such navigation devices to come to the item, which is within visibility or even beyond the horizon, is simple. If, of course, the tops of the distant mountains located at this item were visible above the horizon.
But it was worth the sailor to move away in the sea, as the shores disappeared from sight and from all sides the ship was overcame with monotonous waves. Even if the navigator knew the exact direction, which should lead it to the target, then it was difficult to count on success, as the capricious winds and unexplored flows always demolish the vessel from the planned course. This deviation from the sailor course is called drift. Moreover, it is known that in that very 1492, when Christopher Columbus opened America, the German geographer and the traveler Martin Behajim has already built a globe.
Some continents on the first globes were generally absent. But the main thing was already - by a large circle, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, washing the model of the Earth, the equator that the equator means the equalizer. The need to periodically destroy and determine the residual deviation caused the problem of creating a non-magnetic compass.
By the beginning of the XX century, the properties of the gyroscope were well studied, and a gyroscopic compass was designed on this basis. The principle of action of the gyrocompass created by the German scientist, is that the axis of the rapidly rotating top preserves its position in space and can be installed along the North line - south. Modern gyrocompasses are enclosed in a hermetically sealed area , which, in turn, is placed in an external case.
Its position is adjustable with the coil of the electromagnetic blast. The electric motor brings the speed of rotation of gyroscopes to 20 thousand revolutions per minute. The veil over the mysters of the early youth of the Moon, the Earth and, apparently, the planets earth Group. The moon was brought the most ancient crystalline sample - a piece of the anorthositis, who saw the universe more than 4 billion years ago. In nine points of the moon, the chemical composition of the "Seas" and "continents" was studied.
The exact devices measured the strength of the magnetic field strength, the flow of heat from the bowels, followed the peculiarities of the seismic trails, measured the form of relief. The physical fields witnessed the radial bundle and the heterogeneity of the substance and the properties of the moon. According to the third hypothesis, developed by Soviet scientists - O.
